第二章 威廉与威廉征服

Interpretations, ed. M. Foys, K. Overby and D. Terkla （Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009）, pp. 158–75.

52 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, pp. 128–9; William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, pp. 454–5; Carmen, pp. 24–5; Wace, History of the Normans, p. 181.

53 Eadmer, History of Recent Events in England, trans. G. Bosanquet （London: Cresset Press, 1964）, p. 9.

54 The Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. and trans. H. Clover and M. Gibson （Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979）, no. 53.

55 Carmen, pp. 34–5.

56 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. Swanton, D version, p. 200.

57 E. van Houts, Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe 900–1200 （Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999）, p. 129.

58 William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, pp. 452–55, 456–61.

59 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, pp. 232–3, 266–7.

60 E. van Houts, ‘The Norman Conquest through European Eyes’, English Historical Review, 110 （1995）, pp. 832–53.

61 Normans in Europe, ed. van Houts, no. 38.

62 Cited in van Houts, ‘The Norman Conquest’, p. 837.

63 See discussion in van Houts, ‘The Norman Conquest’, pp. 835–6.

64 Bates, Normans and Empire, p. 2 notes that Haskins was almost certainly the first to use the term.

65 J. Le Patourel, The Norman Empire （Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976）, pp. 89–117.

66 N. J. Sykes, i>The Norman Conquest: A Zooarchaeological Perspective （Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007）, p. 1; M. Sartore, ‘Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Similarities in the Norman Influence, Contact and “Conquests” of Sicily, Southern Italy and England’, Al-Masaq 25 （2013）, pp. 184–203.

67 D. Bates, ‘Normandy and England After 1066’, English Historical Review 104 （1989）, pp. 851–80.

68 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, pp. 232–3.

69 William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, pp. 462–5. See also his Gesta pontificum, vol. 1, pp. 324–5.

70 D. M. Palliser, ‘Domesday Book and the “Harrying of the North”’, Northern History 29 （1993）, pp. 1–23.

71 Thomas of Marlborough, History of the Abbey of Evesham, ed. and trans. J. Sayers and L. Watkiss （Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003）, pp.166–7.

72 A. Williams, The English and the Norman Conquest （Woodbridge: Boydell, 1995）, p. 38.

73 Bates, Normans and Empire, p. 4

74 H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Anglo-Norman Laudes Regiae’, Viator 12 （1981）, pp. 37–78; M. Hare, ‘Kings, Crowns and Festivals: the Origins of Gloucester as a Royal Ceremonial Centre’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society 115 （1997）, pp. 41–78; J. Nelson, ‘The Rites of the Conqueror’, Anglo-Norman Studies 4 （1982）, pp. 117–32.

75 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, pp. 234–5.

76 E. van Houts, ‘Rouen as Another Rome in the Twelfth Century’, in Society and Culture in Medieval Rouen, 911–1300, ed. L. V.