第三章 地中海的诺曼人

, Age of Robert Guiscard, pp. 146–85.

32 Malaterra, Deeds of Court Roger, p. 85. See also Loud, Age of Robert Guiscard, p. 146.

33 Metcalfe, Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily, pp. 25–6.

34 Loud, Age of Robert Guiscard, p. 149.

35 Malaterra, Deeds of Count Roger, pp. 102–4.

36 Ibid., p. 114. For Normans and farting as humour in the twelfth century see Hagger, William: King and Conqueror, p. 61 （Roger I farts in response to bad counsel as recounted by Ibn al-Athir） and p. 147 （Daniel Beccles counsels against ‘farting for fun’ in the lord’s hall）.

37 Malaterra, Deeds of Count Roger, p. 112.

38 Loud, Age of Robert Guiscard, pp. 163–5.

39 Malaterra, Deeds of Count Roger, pp. 109–10.

40 Gesta Francorum, p. 69.

41 P. Chevedden, ‘“A Crusade from the First”: the Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–91’, Al-Masaq 22 （2010）, pp. 191–225.

42 Bouet, ‘Les normands: le nouveau peuple élu’, in Les normands en Méditerranée dans le sillage des Tancrède, ed. Pierre Bouet and François Neveux （Caen, 1994）, pp. 239–52.

43 Loud, ‘Introduction’, in Amatus, History of the Normans, pp. 24–6.

44 Malaterra, Deeds of Count Roger, p. 42.

45 See Woolf, ‘Introduction’, in Malaterra, Deeds of Count Roger and also　Making History, pp. 143–61.

46 William of Apulia, Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, book III, lines 100–5.

47 Albu, The Normans in their Histories, p. 131.

48 A. Metcalfe, The Muslims of Medieval Italy （Edinburgh, 2009）, p. 88.

49 J. France, ‘Patronage and the Appeal of the First Crusade’, in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. Philips （Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997）, pp. 5–20.

50 J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997）, chs 3–4.

51 J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? 4th edn （Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009）, pp. 72–3.

52 William of Apulia provides the fullest account: Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, books IV and V.

53 Ralph of Caen, Gesta Francorum, p. 7.

54 Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter （London: Penguin, 1969）, p. 319. Anna refers to the crusaders as ‘Kelts’. The war with the Normans is described in books IV–VI and the description of Bohemond is at p. 422.

55 For the Normans in Byzantium see W. McQueen, ‘Relations between Normans and Byzantium, 1071–1112’, Byzantion 56 （1986）, pp. 427–76.

56 Ralph of Cear, Gesta Francorum, p. 12.

57 For Robert Curthose see W. M. Aird, Robert Curthose: Duke of Normandy （c.1050–1134） （Woodbridge: Boydell, 2008）, pp. 153–90.

58 For Ralph of Caen and the character of the Norman crusaders see N.Hodgson, ‘Reinventing Normans as Crusaders? Ralph of Caen’s Gesta Tancredi’, Anglo-Norman Studies 30 （2008）, pp. 117–32.

59 Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, p.