掌控动物的能力

f Indo-European Studies 26，1-2：43 and 47-48.

[36] Herodotus. The Persian Wars. Trans. George Rawlinson，New York：Modern Library，1942.VII.69，and Sturluson，Snorri. Heimskvingla：History of the Kings of Norway. Trans. Lee M.Hollander. Austin：University of Texas Press，1964. Vnglinga Saga，ch. 6.

[37] Foote，Peter and David M. Wilson 1979 The Viking Achievement：The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia. London：Sedgwick and Jackson.285，323，and 391，and Golden，Peter B. 1997 “Wolves，Dogs and Qipchaq Religion.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 50：91-93.

[38] Eliade，Mircea 1974 Shamanism：Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press.458-61.

[39] 相关评论请参见White，David Gordon 1991 Myths of the Dog-Man. Chicago：University of Chicago Press.15ff。

[40] 关于这些生物的古老历史，请参见Aruz，Joan 1998 “Images of the Supernatural World：Bactria-Margiana Seals and Relations with the Near East and the Indus.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 5：12-24。

[41] Agathangelos. History of the Armenians. Trans. Robert W.Thomson. Albany：State University of New York Press，1976.41；Ełishē. History of Vardan and the Armenian War. Trans. Robert W.Thomson. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1982.66；IB Talat Tekin，trans. Irk Bitig：The Book of Omens. Wiesbaden：Harrassowitz，1993.9，13，and 19；Wittfogel，Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng 1949 History of Chinese Society，Liao（907-1125）. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society.337，and 348；and Chiodo，Elisabetta 1992 “The Horse White-as-Egg（öndegen chaghan）：A Study of Consecrating Animals to Deities.” Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher n.s. 11：125-51.

[42] Hakluyt，PN Hakluyt，Richard，The Principall Navigations of the English Nation. London：J.M.Dent，1907.III，245-46，and Purchas，Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas，his Pilgrimes. Reprint New York：AMS Press，1965.X，187-88.

[43] Linschoten，John Huyghen van. The Voyage to the East Indies，Ed. Arthur Coke Burnell and P.A.Tiele. London：Hakluyt Society Publications，1985.I，97-98 and 102，and II，1-2.

[44] 此处讨论基于Zimmer，Heinrich 1963 Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. New York：Pantheon.59-60，92，and 102-9。

[45] Aelian. On the Characteristics of Animals. Trans. A.F.Scholfield. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1959.III.46，and ，II，200.

[46] TS Gold，Milton，trans. The Tārikh-e Sistan. Rome：Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente，1976.42.

[47] Manrique，Sebastian. Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique，1629-1643. Trans. C.Eckford Luard. Reprint Nendeln：Kraus Reprint，1967.I，238ff.，272-75，and 283.

[48] Guerreiro，Fernāo. Jahangir and the Jesuits，with an Account of the Travels of Benedict Goes and the Mission to Pegu. Trans. C.H.Payne. London：Routledge，1930.185-86 and 196.

[49] Elias，Norbert 1994 The Civilizing Process. Oxford：Blackwell.474.

[50] Aelian. On the Characteris