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Jahāngīr. Tūzuk-i Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr. Trans. Alexander Rogers,ed. Henry Beveridge. Reprint Delhi:Munshiram Mansharlal,1978.II,120,181-82,and 229.

[103] IB Talat Tekin,trans. Irk Bitig:The Book of Omens. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz,1993.27,and Nadeliaev,V. M. et al.,eds. 1969 Drevnetiurkskii slovar. Leningrad:Nauka.481.

[104] 赵珙,南宋使节。1221年(宋宁宗嘉定十四年)赵珙奉上司贾涉之命往河北蒙古军前议事,并将出使期间的见闻著录成书,是为《蒙鞑备录》。

[105] Zhao Hong. Mengda beilu. In MGSL.456.

[106] Lessing,Ferdinard D. 1973 Mongolian-English Dictionary. Bloomington,Ind:Mongolia Society.2 and 43,and Rozycki,William 1994 Mongol Elements in Manchu. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 157. Bloomington:Indiana University.9.

[107] SH/I de Rachewiltz,Igor,ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington:Indiana University,1972.70,73,and 153;SH de Rachewiltz,Igor,trans. The Secret History of the Mongols:A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden:E.J.Brill,2004.I,74,78,and 188;Lessing,Ferdinard D. 1973 Mongolian-English Dictionary. Bloomington,Ind:Mongolia Society.1045;and Doerfer,Gerhard 1963-75 Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. 4 vols. Wiesbaden:Franz Steiner.,I,291-93 and 411-14.

[108] Rubruck Jackson,Peter,trans. and David Morgan,ed. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. London:Hakluyt Society,1990.85;MM Dawson,Christopher,ed. The Mongol Mission:Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York:Sheed and Ward,1955.100-1;Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London:Routledge,1938. Vol. Ⅰ.226 and 229-34;andCWT Yule,Sir Henry,ed. and trans. Cathay and the Way Thither,Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. 1866. Reprint Taibei:Ch’eng-wen Publishing,1966.235.

[109] Kāshgharī,I,281,and Rudra Deva. Śyainika Śātram:The Art of Hunting in Ancient India. Trans. M.M.Haraprasad Shastri. Delhi:Eastern Book Linkers,1982.88 (para.51-52),斜体为笔者所加。

[110] Ye Longli. Qidan guoji. Shanghai:Guji chubanshe,1985.ch. 24,231,and Tao,Jing-shen 1976 The Jurchen in Twelfth Century China:A Study in Sinicization. Seattle:University of Washington Press.8-9.

[111] 1里格,长度单位,约为3英里。

[112] Juvaynī/Q Juvaynï,. Ta’rīkh-i Jahāngushā. Ed. Mirzā Muḥammad Qazvīnī. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series 26. London:Luzac,1912-37.I,19-20,and Juvaynī/B Juvaynī,. The History of the World Conqueror. Trans. John A.Boyle. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1958.I,27-28.

[113] Ibn Arabshah,Ahmed,Tamerlane or Timur the Great Amir. Trans. J.H.Sanders. Reprint Lahore:Progressive Books,n.d.,308-9.

[114] Ovington,J. A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689. Ed. H.G.Rawlinson. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1929.162.

[115] Ibn al-Furāt Ibn al-Furāt. Ayyubids,Mamlukes and Crusaders:Selections from the Tārīkh al

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