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[181] Gregory of Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Trans. Lewis Tours Thorpe. London：Penguin，1974.558.目前已知的最后一头欧洲野牛于17世纪早期死于波兰。1930年代，动物学家通过驯化的野牛进行了反育种（back-bred）培育，这些人造野牛一直留存至今。请参见Morrison，William J. 2000 “The Noble Beasts of Lithuania，part 2，Tauras.” Lithuanian Heritage（January-February）：9-12。

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