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ern Library,1942.XII.125-26;and Dio Chrysostom. Discourses. Trans. H.Lamar Crosby and J.W.Conoon. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1932-51.21.1.
[98] ARE Breasted,James Henry,trans. Ancient Records of Egypt. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1908.II,346-47,and el-Habashi 1992,55-56.
[99] Kramer,Samuel Noah 1981 History Begins at Sumer. 1956. Reprint Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.127;ANE Pritchard,James B.,ed.,The Ancient Near East:An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1973.I,48 and 166,para. 266,and II,36;Barnett,R.D. 1976 Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal of Assyria(688-627 B.C.). London:British Museum Publications.13;and Parrot,Andre 1961 The Arts of Assyria. New York:Golden Press.156 and 158,fig. 192.
[100] Quintus Curtius. History of Alexander. Trans. John C.Rolfe.XIII.i.15;Strabo,XVI.i.1;and Ammianus Ammianus Marcellinus. Trans. John C.Rolf. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1958.XVIII.7.4-5 and XXIII.5.8.
[101] 《后汉书·西域传》。
[102] HHS Fan Ye. Hou Hanshu. Beijing:Zhonghua shuju,1973.ch. 88,1920.
[103] SGZ Sanguo zhi. Beijing:Zhonghua shuju,1982.ch. 30,861.
[104] ANE Pritchard,James B.,ed.,The Ancient Near East:An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1973.II,162,and Xenophon,Cyn. Xenophon. Cynegeticus. In Xenohphon,SM. XI.2.
[105] Welles,C. Bradford,Robert O. Fink,and J. Frank Gilliam 1959 The Excavations at Dura Europos. Vol. 5,pt. 1,The Parchments and Papyri. New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press.41 and 320,no. 100xx,and Rostovtzeff,M. I. et al.,eds. 1952 The Excavations at Dura Europos,Preliminary Report of the Ninth Season of Work. Pt. 3,The Palace of the Dux Ripae and Dolicheneum. New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press.47-49.
[106] Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades:Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn Munqidh. Trans. Philip K.Hitti. Princeton University Press,1987.113-14,116-17,and 135-39.
[107] al-Balādhurī. The Origins of the Islamic State. Trans. Philip Hitti and F. C.Murgotten. New York:Columbia University Press,1916-24.I,280,and al-Ṭabarī. The History of al-Ṭabarī. Trans,various hands. Albany:State University of New York Press,1985-99.XVIII,112-13.
[108] Teixeira,Pedro. Travels of Pedro Teixeira. Trans. William F.Sinclair. London:Printed for the Hakluyt Society,1902.42;Layard,Austin. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon,London:John Murray,1853.566-67;and Grant,Christina Philip 1937 The Syrian Desert:Caravans,Travel and Exploration. London:A. & C. Black.15.
[109] ,VI,432-33.此外还可参见Dozy,R. P. A. 1991 Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes. 2 vols. 1881. Reprint Beirut:Librairie du Liban.II,519,见 “labādīd”条目。
[110] al-Balādhurī. The Origins of the Islamic State. Trans. Philip Hitti an
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