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Chronicle. Munich:Wilhelm Fink,1973,69.

[101] Xenophon,Ana. Xenophon. Anabasis. Trans. Carleton L.Brownson. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1992,I.iv.2-3,and Menander. The History of Menander the Guardsman. Trans. R.C.Blockley. Liverpool:Francis Cairns Publications,1985,167.

[102] Juvaynī/Q Juvaynï,. Ta’rīkh-i Jahāngushā. Ed. Mirzā Muḥammad Qazvīnī. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Series 26. London:Luzac,1912-37. II vols.,149,and Juvaynī/B Juvaynī,. The History of the World Conqueror. Trans. John A.Boyle. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1958. II vols.,417.

[103] PSRL Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei. Moscow:Iazyki russkoi kul’tury,1997-2000. I vols,to date.,64;PVL Povest vremennykh let po lavrent’evskoi letopisi. 2nd ed. trans. and ed. D.S.Likhachev and V.P.Adrianovoi-Peretts. St.Petersburg:Nauka,1996,31,古俄语文本,and 167-68,现代俄语译本;and RPC Cross,Samuel Hazzard and Olgerd P.Sherbowitz-Wetzor,trans. and eds. The Russian Primary Chronicle,Laurentian Text. Cambridge,Mass.:Medieval Academy of America,1953. 84。

[104] AK Yang,Ho-chin,trans. The Annals of Kokonor,Indiana University Publications,Uralic and Altaic Series 106. Bloomington:Indiana University,Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies,1969,36,and Wittfogel,Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng 1949 History of Chinese Society,Liao(907-1125). Philadelphia:American Philosophical Society,128 and 129.

[105] Ammianus Marcellinus. Trans. John C.Rolf. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1958,XXXI.2.1,and Shakanova,Nurila Z. 1989 “The System of Nourishment among the Eurasian Nomads:The Kazakh Example.” In Seaman 1989,pp.112-13.

[106] SH de Rachewiltz,Igor,trans. The Secret History of the Mongols:A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden:E.J.Brill,2004. I vols.,95 and 127,and SH/I de Rachewiltz,Igor,ed. Index to the Secret History of the Mongols. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series 121. Bloomington:Indiana University,1972,86 and 110.

[107] Zhao Hong. Mengda beilu. In MGSL,447.

[108] Hayton,La flor des estoires de la Terre d’Orient. Recueil des historiens du Croisades,Documents arméniens. Paris:Imprimerie nationale,1906. Vol. Ⅱ.217.

[109] 相关评论请参见Smith,John Masson 1984 “Mongol Campaign Rations:Milk,Marmots and Blood?” Journal of Turkic Studies 8:223-28,特别是226-27。

[110] Mīrzā Ḥaydar,Ⅰ Mirza Haydar Dughlat. Tarikh-i Rashidi. Ed. W.M.Thackston. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University,1996,48-49,and Mīrzā Ḥaydar,Ⅱ Mirza Haydar Dughlat. Tarikh-i Rashidi. Trans. W.M.Thackston. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University,1996,41-42.

[111] Kangxi Jonathan D.Spence,trans. Emperor of China:Self Portrait of K’ang-hsi New York:Vintage,1975,13 and 16.

[112] Tacitus,Ann. Tacitus. Annals. Trans. John Jackson. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1937,II.lxviii;ASB Martin,Janet L.,trans. The Annals of

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