第二章 威廉与威廉征服

Introduction （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009）, Chs 1 and 2.

33 S. Vaughn discusses the possibility that Alexander II was a student of Lanfranc’s at the abbey of Bec, though this is by no means conclusive: Anselm of Canterbury and Robert of Meulan: the Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent （Berkeley, University of California Press, 1987）, p. 33.

34 English Historical Documents, vol. 2: 1042–1189, ed. D. C. Douglas, 2nd edn （London: Eyre Methuen, 1981）, no. 99.

35 S. Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor and the Succession Question’, in Edward the Confessor: the Man and the Legend, ed. R. Mortimer （Woodbridge: Boydell, 2007）, pp. 77–118; B. Golding, Conquest and Colonisation: the Normans in Britain, 1066-1100, 2nd edn （Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013）, pp. 15–24.

36 Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, p. 92.

37 Ibid., pp. 91–2.

38 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, pp. 100–1.

39 J. Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard at War’, in Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. Harper-Bill et al. （Woodbridge: Boydell, 1989）, pp. 141–58 （p. 141）.

40 For preparation see C. Gilmor, ‘Naval Logistics of the Cross-Channel Operation, 1066’, Anglo-Norman Studies 7 （1985）, pp. 105–31.

41 E. van Houts, ‘The Ship List of William the Conqueror’, Anglo-Norman Studies 10 （1988）, pp. 159–83.

42 Not all historians accept this. See C. Morton, ‘Pope Alexander II and the Norman Conquest’, Latomus 34 （1975）, pp. 362–82.

43 To provide another account here seems redundant, but my editor insists that no book on the Normans is complete without a description of archers, trumpets, feigned flights and arrows in eyes.

44 Several of these papers are reprinted in The Battle of Hastings, ed. S. Morillo （Woodbridge: Boydell, 1996）, including R. Glover, ‘English Warfare in 1066’, pp. 173–88; B. Bachrach, ‘The Feigned Retreat at Hastings’, pp. 189–93; R. A. Brown, ‘The Battle of Hastings’, pp. 194–218; S. Morillo, ‘Hastings: an Unusual Battle’, pp. 219–27. The most recent and detailed account is M. K. Lawson, The Battle of Hastings 1066 （Stroud: Tempus, 2003）.

45 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, pp. 172–3; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. Swanton, D version. p. 199.

46 M. Bintley, Trees in the Religions of Early Medieval England （Woodbridge: Boydell, 2015）, p. 78.

47 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, p. 128–9.

48 Quote from Henry of Huntingdon: Normans in Europe, ed. van Houts, no. 45. See also William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, pp. 454–5.

49 The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy Bishop of Amiens, ed. And trans. F. Barlow （Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999）, pp. 32–3.

50 William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, pp. 456–7.

51 M. Foys, ‘Pulling the Arrow Out: The Legend of Harold’s Death and the Bayeux Tapestry’, in The Bayeux Tapestry: New