第二章 威廉与威廉征服

的诺曼人帝国都绝不会包括诺曼人在意大利南部和西西里岛夺得的土地，也不会包括自11世纪90年代之后在圣地建立的安条克公国。说到这些地区的诺曼人，我们应当使用“大移居”这种说法，并且尽量考察其中诺曼人经历的差异所在，而不仅仅是相同之处。因为他们背井离乡的原因各异，社会地位也不显赫，并且显然在意大利南部这个例子中，诺曼人占领这个地方并非出于事先的军事安排。我们在下一章将继续关注诺曼人的这种“大移居”现象。

注释

1 The most recent biography of William is that by M. Hagger, William: King and Conqueror （London: I. B. Tauris, 2012）. For contrasting views see D. Bates, William the Conqueror （Stroud: Tempus, 1989） and D. C. Douglas, William the Conqueror: the Norman Impact upon England, rev. edn （New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999）.

2 Wace, Roman de Rou, p. 123. William’s mother was actually the daughter of an undertaker with connections to the ducal court and was called Herleva. See E. van Houts, ‘The Origins of Herleva, Mother of William the Conqueror’, English Historical Review 101 （1986）, pp. 399–404.

3 Gesta Normannorum ducum, vol. 2, pp. 124–5

4 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 4, pp. 106–7

5 Regesta regum Anglo-Normannorum: the Acta of William I （1066 – 1087）, ed. D. Bates （Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998）, no. 232 and discussed in D. Bates, The Normans and Empire （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013）, p. 67.

6 William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum, vol. 1, p. 509.

7 For the problems and processes of ducal succession see G. Garnett, ‘“Ducal” Succession in Early Normandy’, in Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt, ed. G. Garnett and J. Hudson （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994）, pp. 80–111.

8 See for example J. Yver, ‘Les chateaux forts en Normandie jusqu’au milieu du XIIe siècle’, Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie 53 （1955）, 28–121; Bauduin, La première Normandie, passim.

9 Douglas, William the Conqueror, pp. 53–80.

10 D. Bates, ‘The Conqueror’s Adolescence’, Anglo-Norman Studies 25 （2003）, pp. 1–18; M. Hagger ‘How the West was Won: the Norman Dukes and the Cotentin, c. 987–1087’, Journal of Medieval History 38 （2012）, pp. 20–55.

11 For vicomtes see M. Hagger, ‘The Norman Vicomte, c. 1035–1135: What did he do?’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 29 （2007）, pp. 65–83.

12 Bauduin, La première Normandie, pp. 178–85; Gesta Normannorum ducum, vol. 2, pp. 22–9, 100–3.

13 Bates, ‘Conqueror’s Adolescence’, p. 3.

14 Searle, Predatory Kinship, pp. 156, 198.

15 Hagger, ‘How the West was Won’, pp. 37–40.

16 For a discussion of the accounts see L. V. Hicks, ‘Coming and Going: the Use of Outdoor Space in Norman and Anglo-Norman Chronicles’, Anglo-Norman Studies 32 （2010）, pp. 40–56 （pp. 49–52）.

17 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, pp. 24–25; L. V. Hicks, ‘The Concept of the Frontier in Norman Chronicles: A Comparative Approach’, in Norman Expansion: Connections, Continuities, and Contrasts, ed. K. Stringer and A. Jotischky （Farnham: Ashgate, 2013）, pp. 143–64 （pp. 153–4）.

18 For the Tru