第四章 诺曼人与诺曼社会

icily, pp. 155–6. For detailed discussion of Bari see Licinio, Castelli Medievali, Ch. 2.

13 Gesta Normannorum ducum, vol. 2, pp. 22–9. For discussion see Bauduin, La première Normandie, pp. 175–85; Hicks, ‘The Concept of the Frontier in Norman Chronicles’, pp. 149–52.

14 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 4, pp. 112–13.

15 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, pp. 34–5.

16 A. Wheatley, The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England （Woodbridge: Boydell, 2004）, pp. 34–5.

17 C. Coulson, ‘Peaceable Power in English Castles’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 23 （2001）, pp. 69–96.

18 R. Liddiard, ‘Castle Rising, Norfolk: A “Landscape of Lordship”’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 22 （2000）, pp. 169–86.

19 R. di Liberto, ‘Norman Palermo: Architecture between the 11th and 12th Century’, in A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City from 600 to 1500, ed. A. Nef （Leiden: Brill, 2013）, pp. 139–94 （pp. 161–3）.

20 J. Decaëns, ‘La Motte d’ Olivet à Grimbosq （Calvados）, résidence seigneuriale du XI siècle’, Archéologie médiévale, 9 （1979）, pp. 167–201;J. Le Maho, ‘Note sur l’ histoire d’un habitation seigneurial des XIe et XIIe siècles en Normandie: Mirville’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 7 （1985）, pp. 214–23.

21 P. Dixon, ‘Design in Castle Building: The Controlling of Access to the Lord’, Château Gaillard 18 （1998）, pp. 47–56 （p. 48）.

22 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 4, pp. 218–19. See discussion in L. V. Hicks, ‘Magnificent Entrances and Undignified Exits: Chronicling the Symbolism of Castle Space in Normandy’, Journal of Medieval History 35 （2009）, pp. 52–69 （pp. 59–60）.

23 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 2, pp. 80–1.

24 Normans in Europe, ed. van Houts, no. 21.

25 For differing interpretations of feudalism see R. A. Brown, The Normans and the Norman Conquest, 2nd edn （Woodbridge: Boydell, 1985）, p. 34; E. Z. Tabuteau, ‘Definition of Feudal Military Obligations in Eleventh-Century Normandy’, in On the Laws and Customs of England, ed. M.A. Arnold et al. （Chapel Hill, 1981）, pp. 18–59; Patricia Skinner, ‘When was Southern Italy Feudal?’, Il Feudalismo nell’alto Medioevo, Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 47, 2 vols（Spoleto 2000）, vol. 1, pp. 309–40. For why the term is problematic see E. A. R. Brown, ‘The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe’, The American Historical Review 79 （1974）, pp.1063–88.

26 Tabuteau, ‘Definitions of Feudal Military Obligations’, pp. 46–7; list of services at p. 20.

27 Normans in Europe, ed. van Houts, no. 16, pp. 71–2.

28 The most comprehensive study of the post-conquest aristocracy is J. Green, The Aristocracy of Norman England （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997）.

29 R. Fleming, Kings and Lords in Conquest England （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991）, pp