第四章 诺曼人与诺曼社会

. 107–44, 228–9.

30 Golding, Conquest and Colonisation, p. 57.

31 Ibid., p. 55.

32 English Historical Documents, vol. 1, no. 51; Williams, ‘A Bell-House and a Burh-Geat’.

33 J. H. Round, Feudal England （London: Swan Sonnenshein, 1895）. See the discussion in Golding, Conquest and Colonisation, pp. 128–37.

34 Tabuteau, ‘Definitions of Feudal Military Obligations’, p. 59.

35 Loud, Age of Robert Guiscard, p. 289.

36 M. Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages: an Essay in Social History, trans. A. Goldhammer （New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986）, pp. 52–53. See also J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, The Feudal Transformation 900–1200（New York: Holmes & Meier, 1991）.

37 Orderic, Ecclesiastical History, vol. 4, pp. 296–7.

38 C. H. Haskins, Norman Institutions （Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918）, p. 63.

39 M. Arnoux, ‘Paysans et seigneurs dans le duché de Normandie: quelques témoignages des chroniquers （Xe–XIIe siècles） in Villages et villageois au moyen âge （Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992）, pp. 67–79（pp. 67–8）.

40 Dudo, History of the Normans, pp. 52–3.

41 Gesta Normannorum ducum, vol. 2, pp. 8–9.

42 B. Gowers, ‘996 and all that: the Norman Peasants’ Revolt Reconsidered’, Early Medieval Europe, 21 （2013）, pp. 71–98. See also M. Arnoux, ‘Between Paradise and Revolt: Laboratores in the Society of the Three Orders’, in Normandy and its Neighbours, 900–1250, ed. D. Crouch and K. Thompson （Turnhout: Brepols, 2011）, pp. 201–14.

43 Golding, Conquest and Colonisation, pp. 74–5.

44 Fleming, Kings and Lords in Conquest England, pp. 228–9.

45 R. Faith, The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship （London: Leicester University Press, 1997）, p. 215.

46 Ibid., p. 197.

47 J.-M. Martin, ‘Settlement and the Agrarian Economy’, in The Society of Norman Italy, ed. G. A. Loud and A. Metcalfe （Leiden: Brill, 2002）, pp.17–46 （p. 19）.

48 Skinner, ‘When was Southern Italy Feudal?’, p. 337.

49 Two traditions exist about William’s mother. He was either the son of Rollo’s marriage to a woman from outside the Frankish realm, as is attested by the Planctus, or of Popa of Bayeux: Normans in Europe, ed. van Houts, no. 9 and pp. 14–15.

50 Searle, Predatory Kinship, p. 94.

51 For Gunnor see E. van Houts, ‘Countess Gunnor of Normandy（c. 950–1031）’, Collegium Medievale 12 （1999）, pp. 7–24; Hagger, ‘How the West was Won’.

52 Gesta Normannorum ducum, vol. 2, pp. 266–73.

53 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 266–9.

54 C. Heygate, ‘Marriage Strategies among the Normans of Southern Italy in the Eleventh Century’, in Norman Expansion: Connections, Continuities and Contrasts, ed. K. J. Stringer and A. Jotischky （Farnham: Ashgate, 2013）, pp. 165–86.

55 J. Drell, Kinship and Conquest: Family Strategies in the Pri