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Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9:270-71.
[17] AR Wright,David Curtis,trans. The Ambassador’s Records:Eleventh Century Reports of Sung Embassies to the Liao. Papers on Inner Asia 29. Bloomington:Indiana University,Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies,1998.30-31,44,60,75,and 85.
[18] Pelliot,Paul 1959-61 Notes on Marco Polo. 2 vols. Paris:Librairie Adrien-Massoneuve.,184-85 and 220;and YS,ch. 5,89 and 98,and ch. 87,2004-5.
[19] 卡尔皮尼(John of Plano Carpini,约1185~1252),意大利人,天主教方济各会传教士。1246年,他奉教宗英诺森四世派遣前往蒙古帝国,是第一个抵达蒙古宫廷的欧洲人。
[20] 卢布鲁克(William of Rubruck,约1220~1293),法国人,圣方济各会士,法国国王路易九世的亲信。1253年,他奉路易九世之命,往蒙古人处传教,并再次争取蒙古参加东征。
[21] MM Dawson,Christopher,ed. The Mongol Mission:Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York:Sheed and Ward,1955.17 and 100,and Rubruck,85.
[22] 徐霆(生卒年未详),字长孺,永嘉人。公元1235~1236年作为南宋使节随员前往蒙古大汗居留的草原。后为彭大雅的书稿作疏,合著《黑鞑事略》。书中详细介绍了蒙古国的地理气候与游牧围猎等内容,具有很高的史料价值。
[23] Peng and Xu Peng Daya and Xu Ting. Heida shilue. In MGSL.,475 and 478.
[24] Shakanova,Nurila Z. 1989 “The System of Nourishment among the Eurasian Nomads:The Kazakh Example.” In Seaman 1989,pp.113-14.
[25] Gregory of Tours. The History of the Franks. Trans. Lewis Tours Thorpe. London:Penguin,1974.592-93.
[26] Einhard,52,and Helmold,277. 关于鱼类和猎物在西欧与东欧地区的平民饮食中的重要性,请参见Almond,Richard 2003 Medieval Hunting. Phoenix Mill:Sutton Publishing.90-114,and Kovalev,Roman 1999 “Zvenyhorod in Galica:An Archaeological Survey,Eleventh-Mid-Thirteenth Century.” Journal of Ukrainian Studies 24,2:21-22。
[27] Duby,Georges 1974 The Early Growth of the European Economy. Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell University Press.17,20,23,and 44.
[28] ANE Pritchard,James B.,ed.,The Ancient Near East:An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1973. 2 vols.
[29] Herodotus,I.73;Justin,XLI.3;and Zosimus. Historia Nova. Trans. James T.Buchanan and Harold T.Davis. San Antonio:Trinity University Press,1967.III.27.
[30] ,164;,66;and TTP,36.相关的考古学证据请参见Braund,David 1994 Georgia in Antiquity:A History of Colchis and Transcausian Iberia 550 BC-AD 562. Oxford:Clarendon Press.197。
[31] 引用请参见Varthema,Ludovico di. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt,Syria,Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix,in Persia,India,and Ethiopia,A.D.1503-1508. Trans. John Jones. London:Hakluyt Society,1863.175;Hamilton,James Russell 1955 Les Ouïghours à l’époque des cinq dynasties d’après les documents chinois. Paris:Imprimerie nationale,I,209;Forbes,III,83;and Ovington,160。
[32] HS Ban Gu. Hanshu. Beijing:Zhonghua shuju,1990.,ch. 96B,3914;HS/H Hulsewé,A.F.P.,trans. China in Central Asia,the Early Stage:An Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Leiden:E.J.Brill,1979.173;Wang 1982,58;Ebrey,Patricia 1986 “The Economic and Social History of the Later
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