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i. Ed. W.M.Thackston. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University，1996，95，and Mīrzā Ḥaydar，Ⅱ Mirza Haydar Dughlat. Tarikh-i Rashidi. Trans. W.M.Thackston. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University，1996，77.

[29] Harper，Prudence Oliver 1978 The Royal Hunter：Art of the Sasanian Empire. New York：Asia Society，25-26，33-35 and pl. 3，38-41；pl. 6 and 7，48-50；pl. 12 and 58-59，pl. 17 and 17b；Voshchinina，A. Ⅰ. 1953 “O sviaziakh Priural’ia s vostokum v Ⅵ-ⅥⅠ vv.，n.e.” Sovetskaia arkheologiia 17：188-93；and Bivar，282.

[30] Bābur，Ẓahir al-Dīn. The Bābur-nāma in English. Trans. Annette Susannah Beveridge. London：Luzac，1969，325.

[31] SJ Sima Qian. Shiji. Beijing：Zhonghu shuju，1982，ch. 110，2879，and SJH Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian：Han Dynasty. Rev. ed. Trans. Burton Watson，New York：Columbia University Press，1993. II vols.，129.

[32] 李靖（公元571～649），字药师，雍州三原人，唐朝初期的著名将领与军事理论家，精熟兵法。

[33] SMCAC Sawyer，Ralph D.，trans. The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder，Colo.：Westview Press，1993，337.

[34] Zhao Hong. Mengda beilu. In MGSL，445；MM Dawson，Christopher，ed. The Mongol Mission：Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the 13th and 14th Centuries. New York：Sheed and Ward，1955，18；and Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Trans. A.C.Moule and Paul Pelliot. London：Routledge，1938. Vol. Ⅰ.169 and 281.

[35] Peng and Xu Peng Daya and Xu Ting. Heida shilue. In MGSL，498.

[36] 例如可参见，Strabo. The Geography of Strabo. Trans. H.L.Jones. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967，XV.iii.18；and Justin Watson，John S.，trans. Justin，Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius. London：Bell and Sons，1910，XXIII。

[37] BDK Sümer，Faruk，Ahmet E.Uysal，and Warren S.Walker，trans. The Book of Dede Korkut：A Turkish Epic. Austin：University of Texas Press，1972，72，and Wittfogel，Karl A. and Feng Chia-sheng 1949 History of Chinese Society，Liao（907-1125）. Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society，565 and 568.

[38] YS Yuanshih. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1978，ch. 5，91，and Ratchnevsky，Paul 1937-85 Une code des Yuan. 4 vols. Paris：Collège de France，I，266，and IV，328-33.

[39] YS Yuanshih. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1978. 59，1440；SCBM Franke，Herbert，trans. “Chinese Texts on the Jurchen：A Trans lation of the Jurchen Monograph in the San-ch’ao pei-meng” Zentral-Asiatische Studien 9（1975）：141；and JS Jinshi. Beijing：Zhonghua shuju，1975，ch. 6，141-42，and ch. 8，194.

[40] Tacitus，Ger. Tacitus. Germania. Trans. M.Hutton. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1914，6-7，13，15，22，and 24.

[41] Andreski，Stanislav 1971 Military Organization and Society. Berkeley：University of California Press，33-36 and 232.

[42] Tacitus，Ger. Tacitus. Germania. Trans. M.Hutton. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1914，ch. 15；Einhard. The Life of Charlemagne. Trans. Samuel E.Turner，Ann Arbor